Amtwi n Lhri

Amtwi n Lhri iga yan umtwi lliɣ drant tqbilin n ẓayan timɣribin, ddaw n tnara Muḥmmad Bn ḥmmu aẓayi g wass n aṣiḍyaṣ 25 du lḥijja 1332 ahijri (1914 n tlalit) ig ufna nnsnt fṛanṣa tamkkast tizi ann, fṛanṣa lli ikkusan lmṛṛuk taɣamt s taɣamt. Imsar umtwi g udɣar ar as ttinin lhri lli yaggugn f tɣrmt n xnifra 10 kilumitr f iffus, iḍfaṛ umtwi ad i imnɣi n ẓayan, lliɣ drant tqbilin n ẓayan akkʷ ḥma ad mdint i fṛanṣa ad asn ur ikkusu tamazirt n lmɣrib. ikmml umtwi ann lliɣ nran ayt ẓayan isardasn ifṛanṣin lli asn igan akud ann anbdad labiṛdu lli immutn g umtwi ann.

Timntal n umtwi n lhri

Ira usdurri afṛanṣi ad inbḍ ikkusu adrar n waṭlaṣ amqran akkʷ d umṛwaṣu d umẓyan ḥma ad tn igli zɣ ignna d wakal igli t awd zɣ iftasn, ḥma ad fllas isrs tanbaḍt nns, iẓẓu gis laman i middn ibṛṛanin ifṛanṣin lli siggilnin tanyaft nnsn ɣ tmurt n lmɣrib, ḥma ad asin ayda nns kkusun aynna gis illan. f iɣ ira umsdurri afṛanṣi mayan ur dars bla ad ikkusu laṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu lli igan aɣaras astṛatiji lli ibḍan ngr iẓẓlmḍ d iffus, ibḍu awd ngr tagut d iming, tg fṛanṣa tizi ann afna n tɣrmt n ujda d lmɣrib aminig n iffus, tg afna n tmnaḍin izdin d iwutta n dzayr.^[1]

Yili dar waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu yan waddur amqran ajugṛafi d ula ɣ tdamsa g iswirn akkʷ n tkrza d tagant d waman, acku iga ifri n kigan n isaffn d iɣzran lli ingin s waman n udfl iḍḍaṛn g tmnaḍt ann s tugtt, isaffn llan fllasn uggugn lli ittarun asid, ili f wasif n um ṛbiɛ abrid izdin ngr mṛṛakc d fas d tɣrmt n xnifra.

Adɣar astṛatiji n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu yujja fṛanṣa ad tswingm ad tkkusu adrar amṛwaṣu ḥma ad gis tṛẓm i iɣarasn lli isslkamn tiɣawsiwin ngr fas d mṛṛakc, ilin wayda n waṭlaṣ lli tra fṛanṣa ad gn win nns. fṛanṣa lli immaɣn d tmbṛaṭuṛit n lalman d umun nns g ddaw n tnbdadt n bismaṛk g imnɣi amaḍlan. d ayt ẓayan lli imdin f tmurt nnsn mmaɣn d fṛanṣa llan ḥḍan ngr idurar waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu.

G usggʷas n 1914 g 2 may, imla lyuṭi udm n fṛanṣa lli tssrkʷs igan udm n usdurri, lliɣ illa: ‘tamazirt n ẓayan tga talilt n ku ma iran a iffɣ zɣ ddaw n tnbaḍt nnɣ g lmɣrib n tuẓẓumt, d tiddas lli nn gant tqbilin ad n ẓayan ɣ ugʷns n wakal nnɣ lli nkkusa, d tazdayt illan ngr as d tqbilin lli aɣ iḍfaṛn, iga kra igan inmizi f ili nnɣ, d iɣwwaɣn iffɣn zɣ ddaw n tnbaḍt nnɣ, issusmtn lliɣ asn tlla tsqqi gr idrarn n waṭlaṣ amaṛwaṣu ɣ llan ayt ẓayan, d lliɣ mlalnt tqbilin ad asrs n isardasn, d idɣarn lli nkkusa, iga mayan asdiddiy i idɣarn nnɣ, ig darnɣ awttas ad nn nṭṭay ayt ẓayan zɣ igʷmmaḍn n wasif n um ṛbiɛ.’

Nukz zɣ wawal n lyuṭi mas illa f fṛanṣa ad tmmaɣ d tqbilin n ẓayan ig dars mayan awttas astṛatiji, lliɣ fllasn illa ad glin ayt ẓayan lli ittawsn i tqbilin lli asn imlaln d uzaɣar lli tkkusa fṛanṣa, d tmnaḍin lli iran awd nttnti ad ffuɣnt zɣ ddaw n tiddas n fṛanṣa lli asn ikkisn ayda awd tamurt.^[2]

adɣar n usddurri n fṛanṣa g lmɣrib

Umnaḍ n umtwi n lhri

Lliɣ zrin kigan n imaɣn g tsga n tadla, idda ḥmmu aẓayyi nttan d umddakkʷl nns muḥa usɛid, s tɣrmt n xnifra lliɣ iga anbdad nns, isman ayt ẓayan, isman tiqbilin n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu gnt yan, ilint d tqbilin n waṭlaṣ lli tn imlaln, allig isman tugt n isardasn mqqar ur ɣursn kigan n imassn n imnɣi d tɣawsiwin, ḥma ad ẓḍaṛn i imnɣi akud iɣzzifn.

Lliɣ ur ẓḍaṛn ifṛanṣin ad gn muḥa uḥmmu ɣ tsga nnsn d gr ifassn nnsn, ɣtsn isardasn ɣ ddaw n tnbdadt n umuzr lkulunil hinris (henrys) ḥma ad mmaɣn nɣn imzdaɣ n tqbilin n ẓayan, iklli inna ljiniṛal kyum: ‘tiddas n ayt ẓayan ur tlli g tugtt nnsn, tlla tiddas nnsn lliɣ nn gan tiggʷas ḥma ad rnun imnɣi, s tzmmar i ɣasn d tnggumt lli gisn illan, d ufuks n isan nnsn lli igan s uṭṭun 2500 n urgaz, gn s tidt tazmrt imqqurn immaɣn kigan n isggʷasn. d zzrb n twada nnsn d turrgza n irgazn nnsn d umummi nnsn iga tamatart sisn iẓlin.’

Tugga ad lli ifka unmɣur n isardazn ifṛanṣin f ayt ẓayan mas gan g ddaw n tnbdadt n muḥa uḥmmu irgazn imdin f tmazirt nnsn d tiddas ggutn ur ilin anaw, s liman lli gisn illan d tayri n tmazirt nnsn d kiagn n imnɣitn lli urmn, s tugga ad ittyuran g umzruy gan ayt ẓayan akkʷ imɣribin lli iḥaman f tmurt nnsn fkn as addur awd tirlli. gn imnɣa lli zzrin wid mqquṛn lli yuran amzruy amɣribi amaynu.^[3]

Tifrkiwin n umtwi

Lliɣ kcmn ifṛanṣin s tmuzra n lkulunil hinris tiɣrmt n xnifra g 12 yunyu 1914 s tuggt n isardasn lli izrin 30 n ifḍn n usardas. iffɣ umuzr muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi tiɣrmt iddu s idrarn issutln i xnifra, ar zɣ gisn ittnbbaṛ i imnɣi ngr as d fṛanṣa g tɣrmt n xnifra d mad as isstln, allig ibṭṭṛ tizzla nnsn ismdudi abddi nnsn.

Iɣama usardas muḥa uḥmmu nttan d imḍfaṛ nns g yan udɣar d tmanḍt n lhri, irar taɣḍft i ku amussu skrn ifṛanṣin, ifln tiɣrmt n xnifra lli f imdi lkulunil hinris, tili tmazirt n lhri f tmyaggugt n 15 id kilumitr zɣ xnifra.

Lliɣ issn lkulunil mas illa muḥa uḥmmi aẓayyi g tmanḍt n lhri nttan d isardasn nns idrusn, ig ɣ yat tadggʷat n tgrst ɣ illa unẓaṛ 13 nuwanbir 1914 tawhalt nns ḥma a iddu iskkln f igiṭan n isardasn n muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi, inɣ tazzanin d iwssarn d tmɣarin. tgn fṛanṣa tizmmar nns ḥma ad tnɣ aẓuṛ n tgrawla ɣ inna ɣ d tnkr, inna muḥmmad lmɛzuzi: ‘taɣwwaɣt lli iskr ufṛanṣi g wass n 12 n nuwanbir, skrn tt kkuẓt trubba kra iga tt yat tuma 1300 n usardas, usin tuzzalin nnsn d tsddawin , iddu s udɣar n lhri iskkln iḍuṛan d igiṭan n isardasn.’

Amtwi ann lli s iɣal ufṛanṣi irxa, ur t itam is rad as ig taẓẓit n wanɣa s tzmmar n isradasn iẓayyin, tg yan imnɣi ɣ mmrwin idammn n ifṛanṣin d wakal. taɣwwaɣt lli iskr ufṛanṣi f isardasn n ayt ẓayan iggut gis ttṛaḍ, issfal g wakud n tis kṛaḍt n yiḍ, glin adɣar lhri zɣ kkuẓt tsgiwin g yat tizi, ar tn kkatn s takat n uzzal, utn igiṭan g llan wazzann d iwsarn nɣn tn, ddun isardasn s wanaḍ n labirdur ḥma ad utn tiqbilin lli yaẓn i ilhri, frkn wiyyaḍ i tawhalt darsn illan ddun akʷrn izgarn d izammarn, akʷrn awd timɣarin. ɣaln is rnan amtwi.

Ddunt trubba yaḍn n ifṛanṣin ɣlin d idrarn ḥma ad ṭṭayn aynna gis irkʷsn n irgazn n muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi, tg tmnaḍt n lhri adɣar ɣ trɣa takat, ssɣdn mmidn lli as yaggugn i tɣwwaɣt gis inkrn, iɣal umurz afṛanṣi lli illan f umussu ann asardas g lhri mas irna amtwi, d mas ibbi tankra n ayt ẓayan.^[4]

Adwr s umtwi

takaṛḍa n udɣar n lhri

Tga dar umurz afṛanṣi n tumast ann tasardast tanatamt, lliɣ iẓṛa ayt ẓayan rurn fllas s tiddas ggutn, issn tizi ann mas illa g yan ubddad bahra ixxan, d ur igi i tiddi ula tarwla, issn is irna muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi amtwi ann, lliɣ fllas ḥaman t tqbilin lli as imlaln, lli d izzan g udɣar ann s tizzla, zaydn t ad tiddas.(tiqbilin lli yiwsn i muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi ḥaman t fllas: icqqirn, ayt nuḥ, ayt bwici, ayt caṛt, ayt bumẓẓuɣ, ayt xuya, ayt ḥnd, ayt iḥya, ayt sxman, ayt isḥaq taskart, ayt buḥddu, d imrabṭin, d tqbilin n ẓayan. mmulin tqbilin ad f ufṛanṣi, glin t zɣ kra iga tt tasgaskkln t inn, mmaɣn dis s mad darsn illan n tsddawin nnsn d imassn n uzzal d tizza, tizi ann ad mlan t tqbilin ann tayri nnsn iggutn i umuzr muḥa uḥmmu, ḥaman tizi ann f ayt matn nnsn.^[5]

Tinyafin n umtwi

Amtwi ad iga imnɣi bahra ixxan dar ifṛanṣin, lliɣ asn gis immut kigan n isardasn d inbdadn, allig ssutrn imurzn nnsn tilila zɣ dar tnbaḍt tafṛansiṣt, macc muḥa uḥmmu ur asn ifl tawhalt ḥma ad rwln, iḍfaṛ isardasn nnsn irwln, iglitn zɣ kra iga tt tasga, a llig nn inɣa lkulunil lafridur g udɣar n buzal, srsn isardasn nnsn llid iɣaman tuzzalt s wakal alln ifassn nnsn ilin ddaw n tmlla n tqbilin n ẓayan. lliɣ yad inɣa muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi ma ittggan azgn n isardasn nnsn.

asardas amɣribi mass Muḥa uḥmmi aẓayyi

kigan n tinyafin a ifka umtwi n lhri lli imurz muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi d tqbilin n ayt ẓayan lli dis illan, tdus tyiti nnsn lli gan i fṛanṣa, kigan n isardasn ad asn nɣan d kigan n wayda lli disn illan ad asn iwin, inna ljiniṛal ‘kyum guillaume’ lli igan yan zɣ inbdadn isardasn lli idran g umtwi ann, g udlis nns lli yura ‘imaziɣn n lmɣrib d usyya n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu (1939/1912) : ‘ur jju ttṛẓan t tiddas nnɣ g tmazɣa iklli ttṛẓan t g umtwi ann n idammn.’

Tiṛẓiwin d tmkkusa

Isulf muḥmmad lmxtar asusi g udlis nns ‘lmɛsul’ s tirra nns amtwi n lhri, mas gis immut uggan n simraw n udmawn isardasn inmɣurn, d tawjiwin n kigan n isardasn, inna f mayan : ‘imnɣi lli bahra imqquṛn g imnɣa iga t umtwi n lhri, lliɣ mmutn awd inmɣuṛn n isardasn ifaṛanṣin uggan n 20 zɣ gisn lkulunilat (colonels) d lqbṭanat (capitains) d lfisyanat (officiers), s uzzgzn kcmn isardasn ifṛanṣin idrarn ann allig lkmn adɣar n lhri lli nbdr, azzln sisn isardasn n ayt ẓayan (g ddaw n tmuzra n muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi) d mad dis illan glin tn ar gisn nqqan ar tn ttamẓn a llig gisn ur fln yan.’

Immut g umtwi ad 33 n imttin zɣ inbdadn d 650 n usardas d 176 ittayagas, isardasn imɣrabin usin kigan tsddawin d imassn n imnɣi imaynutn igan win ifṛanṣin, rnun kṛaḍt n tmstan mqquṛn d 10 n tmstan tiṛccacin d uṭṭun ggutn n tsddawin, d kigan n isan lli yusin tabuhut n tsddawin.

Isaɣuln

↑ Hoisington 1995, p. 75.
↑ McDougall 2003, p. 43.
↑ French Embassy in Morocco, Le Maroc sous domination coloniale (PDF) (in French), archived from the original (pdf) on 15 February 2010, retrieved 29 November 2009
↑ Hoisington 1995, p. 76.
↑ Burke 1975, p. 439.

Tabilugrafit

[1] Hoisington 1995, p. 75.

[2] McDougall 2003, p. 43.

[3] French Embassy in Morocco, Le Maroc sous domination coloniale (PDF) (in French), archived from the original (pdf) on 15 February 2010, retrieved 29 November 2009

[4] Hoisington 1995, p. 76.

[5] Burke 1975, p. 439.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]