Lunḍun

Tiɣrmt n Lunḍun tga tamaẓunt n tgldit imunn (UK), tg yat ɣ ammas tɣrmiwin tiqburin n umaḍal d yat ssɣ xtilli tnt akkʷ ugrnin^[1], Lunḍun tga amiṭṛubulis abaraw n akkʷ Bṛiṭanya d iẓẓi nns asrtan d udamsan ula adlsan. Iḍiṣ nns bahra imqqurn ur yut s iẓnẓaṛn nns ɣar Bṛiṭanya waḥdu tt maccan ikka amaḍal akkʷ, ɣaylli gis iskrn yat tɣrmt tamaḍlant^[2].

Lunḍun tucka d ɣ iffus udrim n Nngliz, tlla f wasif n Ṭamṣ^[1], zdɣn gis mad ittggan 13 mlyun n mddn^[3], yili gis ubṛlaman n UK, d ibrgmmi n ugllid ɣ usarag n Bukkingham d ubank n Nngliz^[3].

Amzruy

Lunḍun tkka tt inn tga yat tɣrmt imẓẓiyn ddu uslimuṛ n Irumaniyn ssɣ 43 AD ar tasut tis smmust lli ɣ tḍṛ tmnkuda nnsn, ism nns ɣ wakud ann iga "Lunḍinyum", d uslak mqqurn n tqbilin ingluṣakṣunn turri d tga tamaẓunt n tgldit n Issiks ɣ tasut tis tamt ayad. Yat tasut daɣ rad tssn tɣrmt mnnaw n wazzaɣn n ifaykingn lli rad tt ɣʷin, imsdurriyn ann rad gis ssbɣsn tasbbabt d tmstagt iṛẓmn ɣayann ad gis iskrn ammas uɣrim izwarn n tmazirt n Nngliz aylliɣ tḍṛ ɣ ifassn n ugllid Alfrid Amqran ɣ usggʷas 886.

Ɣ usggʷas 1067 ɣ uḍfuṛ n uslak Anurman lli yumẓn nngliz, izrfan imaynutn n tɣrmt rad tn isrs ugllid amaynu n Nngliz, Dduq Willyam Anurmandi, d ugʷddim n Lunḍun ittyawbna ɣ uzmz n ugllid ad nit.

Ɣ tasut tis 14, afttas n Lunḍun rad ig yan wammas n tsbbabt ɣ Urubba s tmguri ibuɣlan n tlmi. Luḍun rad tzayd ɣ ugmi nns ssɣ lli ɣ ittyawbna ubank Anglizi, wis sin ɣ tmɣuri ɣ umaḍal d mayad ɣ usggʷas n 1694, ɣaylli ifkan inlbi aẓṛfan (financial flexibility) lli rad d yawi i Tmnukda Tabṛiṭaniṭ adwass nns.

Agʷddim n Lunḍun

Amaka n Lunḍun n ɣass ad ikka d azmz Afikṭuṛi, d tgrawla n tmguri rad d tldi s dars gigan d mddn, ɣaylli idran ɣ usmɣr n tɣrmt d uflujju lli tssn, is ka s tuggt n udffas lli gis illan rad nfalaln kra n imukrisn zun d tamuɣt n bu-glib n 1832, d tzzamma (ṭužžuṭ) imqqurn n 1858, yan imjṛi lli izrin ɣ wannaz n unbdu lli ɣ irɣa bahra lḥal.

Gr 1750 ar 1901, rad iskr wuṭṭun u imzdaɣn n tɣrmt yan usawn mqqurn, ssɣ kra n 700.000 n mddn ar uggar n 4.000.000. Tg ilmma Lunḍun yan wammas amaḍlan n tsbbabt d yat tmaẓunt taẓṛfant.

Tisuɣal

[:1-1] 1,0 et ^1,1 https://www.britannica.com/place/London

[2] ttps://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/glossaire/globales-mondiales-villes

[:0-3] 3,0 et ^3,1 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/london

[1]

[2]

[3]