Timzgida n Kutubiya

Timzgida n Kutubiya tamṛṛakcit, (s tutlayt n tɛṛabt: جامع الكتبية المراكشي ) tga zɣ yat tmatart ngr tmatarin iggutn lli d ifl umzruy i tmurt tamɣribit (amzruy amuslm), tlla tmzgida lkutubiya g tɣrmt n Mṛṛakc tmlal i usays amqqran lli ilan assaɣ n Jamɛ Lfna.

Tga tmzgida n lkutubiya zɣ tmatarin n tɣrma n lmṛṛuk lli izrin g umzruy amuslm, tili tmzgida ad g wul n tmdint n Mṛṛakc, tɣama nttat sul tga tinigit f waddur amajgal lli g tlla tɣrma n lmṛṛuk tizi ann ngr tɣrma n tmizar n umaḍal. Tɣama sul nttat tddr mqqar kulu afuḍn t tnbaḍin d tgldan lli s tt idd yufan, ig wakal ann f tlla tmzgida tamnaḍt igan tagʷrramt, tṭṭf atig akswat gr wayda n umzruy n tmurt n lmṛṛuk (tamɣribit).^[1]

Amzruy

Tṭṭaf tmzgida kigan amzruy bahra yutn s iẓuṛan g tasutin izrin n umzruy f lmṛṛuk, kigan n tɣrmawin fllas izrin iɣama iga inigi f umzruy ann azayku. Timzgida lkutubiya ibna tt (lxlift ɛbd lmumn iwis n ɛli agummi) g usggʷas n 1147, f ixʷrban lli d iɣaman n iɣrm n uẓṛu amṛabṭi, lli mi nn ufan imrzutn arkyulujiyin tifras nns d tmatarin n iɣʷrban nns.

Macc timzgida tis snat bnan tt g usggʷas n 1158, tizi lli bnan tassumɛit n ḥssan g ṛṛbaṭ d lxiralda tacblit g landalus, ig mayan yat tzdayt taɣrmant n tẓuṛi ngr lmṛṛuk d landalus g tasut ann, trwas tmzgida ad tis snat g uksay nns timzgida lli izwarn, tmsasa tmzgida ad s tdala nns tunziɣt ɣ talɣa nns, tsman 17 n usqqif lli iswalan inzgrmitn nns i tsga lqblt, issqfan ad usintn tsaratin f llant uskuwn imsasan ngr asn d isnan iẓlin iɣ tn nẓṛa ar aɣ d sktayn s tmzgida n lqarawiyin illan g tɣrmt n fas. idl usqqif s smmus t lqbbat lli igan tamatart n uẓkka tasgdant n imuḥidn (lmuwaḥidin), taɣrma ad lli ddar kigan n iḍiṣ f tsga n tagut tamslmt.[1]

Inna bab n udlis ittyuran s tutlayt taɛṛabt (الحلل الموشية في ذكر الأخبار المراكشية): ‘’ ibna ɛbd lmumn g tgmmi n uẓṛu yat tmzgida yaḍnin, tg tmzgida ɣ tlla tẓallit n ljamɛ, issfal ar ibnnu timzgida tamqrant tanamunt, ixlu timzgida taqburt lli illan g izddar n tɣrmt lli ibna (ɛli iwis n yusf).^[2]

Asnuml

Tga tmzgida n lkutubiya, yat tmzgida lli ilan addur g tgldit n lmṛṛuk akkʷ. tṭṭf yan umnid amqran igan fɣnit ɣ umzruy amṛṛuki, tuma tasna 5300 n mitru amkkuẓ, ili gis 17 n usqqif d 11 lqubbt iṛcmn s unuɣn, gis aɣ ffaɣn iɣtasn n tnbaḍt tamajgalt zrin kigan kigan n imsarn imzruyn. timzgida d tassumɛit nns ṛcmn s unuɣn d tkla zɣ tsgiwin nns tanafllatin s lqrmud n idqqi iḍlan s uklu wadal ismriqqiyn lli igan azmz ann tamatart n tska n tnbaḍt g tɣrmt. d lmnbṛ n tmzgida amaddur lli ittmussun s tɣarast n wammak lli ismnidn taẓuṛi tamṛṛukit n ukccuḍ. lmnbṛ ad iga tamguri n quṛtuba g umzwaru n tasut 12 s wanaḍ n ugllid amṛabṭi ɛli iwis n yusf iwis n tacfin lli ikmml taska n tmzgida g mṛṛakc tizi ann. smattin lmnbṛ s lkutubiya tanila n usggʷas n 1150.

Tamyaddant

Illa umamk n tmyaddant f wanaw n tmyaddanin n tmzgadiwin lli ittbnan g tasut n imuḥidn, ttbna s uẓṛu n ljir. s izwar tdl s tqṣṣart tawrḍit tamṛṛakcit, macc imrzutn d willi illan f uḥttu n wayda d tingmi, stin ad kksn taqṣṣart ḥma ad tban twuri n uẓṛu tamzruyt. tga tiɣzi n tmyaddant 77 mitru s tqubbit lli fllas illan, lli iɣzzifn awd nttat s 8 n mitru. kra iga tt tasga tmɣi ɣ wakal s ssas iggʷzn 12.8 n mitru. ar tt muqql tamyaddant zɣ ugʷmmaḍ n 29 n kilu mitr. ɣan af bahra ttawssan tg a illi ismkḍn zg tmatarin n mṛṛakc akkʷ, tiɣzi ad nns illa fllas yan uslig unṣib lli isgdln ad ur tili kra n tska fllas iɣzzifn s tt intln (uggar n tɣzi n waddagn n tayniwt). zɣ gis ar ittall lmuddn ladan, s tsgiwin s kkuẓ t illaf f uflla n tmyaddant.

asarag n ugʷns n tinml n iwis n yusf g mṛṛakc

Illa g umamk n tmyaddant yat timit ilan g yat twẓut tamajgalt, d yan ixf ilan talɣa ann, f iggi n tqubbanit nns. g tmurt n lmṛṛuk akkʷ lant tmyaddanin tisgdanin zund amamk ann, s unuɣn s iɣuda s ṛṛcum n tsgiwin, d tskiwin ig mayan anaw n imurin sisn iẓlin.

F ixf n tmyaddant tlla tqʷbbanit. f iggi n tqʷbbanit ann llant twjjiwin n wanas iḍlan s urɣ, mḥadan t yat f iggi n yat ar ttimẓiynt s uflla, iklli igan tamyurt g tmzgadiwin n lmṛṛuk akkʷ. llan kigan n iwaliwn f tawjjiwin ann, nnan kra n iwaliwn mas gan t ɣ uzmz ann tin wurɣ, gnt akud ann kṛaḍ t twjjiwin waha, tis kkuẓt nnan mas tga tarzzift zɣ dar tmɣart n iɛqub lmnṣuṛ i tmzgida ḥma ad tfru abkkiḍ nns lli ɣ tṛẓa uẓum nns g wayyur n ṛmḍan kraḍt tmirin. tfka anaḍ nns ḥma ad tssfsi urɣ lli dars illan ḥma ad gis skrn tawjja tis kkuẓt.

Tnna tamacahut yaḍn mas kullu gant urɣ n tmɣart n ugllid ḥmad lmnṣuṛ asɛdi. tili yat tɣanimt n wanas f tsga n tqubbanit ann, ittyagal gis tizi ann ucnyal n tsgdant ilan aklu n wadal, ar t ittall lmuddn kra iga tt ass n ljamɛ, niɣ ussan n tfaskiwin d tffugliwin n usgd. g iḍ ar ttili tmyaddant f usid tili yat tawlaft bahra icnan.^[3]

Tassumɛit

Tlla tssumɛit s wanaḍ n lxlift amuḥid ɛbd lmumn iwis n ɛli agummi (1130-1163) ikml tt iwis lmnṣuṛ (1199-1184). tlla tssumɛit ad g tsga tafusit - tamnagt n tmzgida tg tska nns talɣa n umkkuẓ f illa usafu isnan s taqubbit taɣʷmmart. iswirn n tssumɛit lan tamawayin(taccrafin). agnsu n tssumɛit gis sḍis t tmṣṛay(tzuniwin) immrwasn yat f iggi n yat, mmi issutln isskkʷfal imuɣad idln s uzgn n tqubbatin fllas ibṛṛmn, kra n tqubbatin ann zdint d tiwẓa nns illa ixf imsadn.

Ttbna tmatart ad tamzruyt s tmlalt n iẓṛan iɣusn lli d iwin zɣ udrar n ugliz g mṛṛakc. d ḥma ad ssifsasn taẓayt f tssumɛit, gan as talyajurin timẓyanin g tsgiwin nns tanafllatin. imun g uska ad uẓṛu d ujuṛ, iḍlan s izwar s tgbbaṣt. ṛcmn aɣʷrab nns s ikṛṛajn ḥma ad ntln s mayan tazdayin n iẓṛan d lyajuṛ d illi ittubbayn iẓṛan(s ɣilad llant ukan sul tmatarin n mayan g uɣʷrab gant inagan).

Gan unuɣn n tssumɛit smmus wanawn ganin iswirn. llan g kul tasgiwin n tssumɛit gn fllas iɣuda g llan iknunnayn inmalan imḥadan mmi ggutn igʷzman. g ugʷnsu n iɣuda ad yuma s unuɣn d ṛṛcum ilan ikʷlan izggʷaɣn gn ṛṛcum ad asmdya n imɣi, d ṛṛcum imnzagn d tirra(ṛṛcum ann rwasn talɣiwin n ifrawn n wayniwn d ijjign, d tirra takufit).

Ṛṛcum igguran lli illan f uflla n tssumɛit d usafu nns, gan imnzag immrwin ngr imkkuẓn n idqqi umliln d wadaln ihwan s uzzgza, ig mayan mad bahra iẓiln g tmatart ad tamzruyt.

Ṛṛcum n tssumɛit ftan rwasn i wanawn n ṛṛcum llanin g tssumɛit n lxiralda tacblit niɣ tassumɛit n ḥssan g tɣrmt n ṛṛbaṭ, irwas ẓlin anaw ann zɣ tssumɛit n mṛṛakc gn tt i tssumɛit ɛbd ṛṛḥman wis kṛaḍ g tmzgida n quṛtuba tamqrant, anɣmis ad frkn as imrzutn n umzruy ngr isggʷasn ad (1571-1562) lliɣ nn ufan snat tuddisin f iggi n tflut tgʷrramt katalina.^[4]

Aẓuṛ n yism

Assaɣ ad lli gan f tmzgida ad ikkad uẓuṛ nns tutlayt n tɛṛabt (الكتبيين) lli izdin s unamk s idlisn niɣ wid znuzanin idlisn. ar immal wassaɣ ann mas yadda tlla tizi ann tsbbabt n idlisn lli d dar addur ɣ tama n ugadaz imlaln i tmzgida, iklli d iwn inɣmisn n umzruy mas yadda llan ɣ ugadaz ann 100 n usbbab lli illuzzan g iswak ann yaẓn i tmzgida.

Kkusan imuḥidn tamdint n mṛṛakc lliɣ yad immut ugllid n imṛabṭin ɛli iwis n yusf g usggʷas 1147. ur rin imuḥidn(lmuwaḥidin) ad fln timitar tisgdanin lli bnan imṛabṭin, lli yadda igan afna nnsn, acku tizi ann gantn d wid iffɣn asgd isnfln asgd(ihrtiqn). ɛbd lmuɛin lli irnan tamnaḍt ann, nttan a ibnan timzgida n lkutbiyin tamzwarut f iggi wakal n iɣrm n ɛli iwis n yusf lli immutn g tsga n iffus - tagut n tɣrmt. snfln imuḥidn kigan ɣ tmzgida ann ar tagara n tasut tis 12, lliɣ rnan indalusin imuḥidn, tga tmukrist n lqblt ɣ tmzgida kra irxan, imẓẓulla tizi ann ar swalan tiẓilla nnsn s iwala n usarag n tmzgida, macc lliɣ ttbna tmzgida tamaynut ɣ tama n tmzwarut. tkmml tska n tmzwarut tili sul twwuri ɣ tis snat, gnt tmzgadiwin yat abla tasga n lqblt, d ṛṛcum nns d iɣuda nns, d imassn d tmtta s ttbnan gant yat, iɣama umamk d usafu iga walli , lqqblt g tmzgida tamzwarut tfrɣ s smmust tskkʷfal f tsga n lqblt, macc g tmzgida tis snat tfrɣ uggar n 10 tskkʷfal.

Ttbnant tmzgadiwin ann g tasut n ɛbd lmuɛin lli inbḍn (1130-1163). tkmml gis twwuri ɣ cutanbir 1158, ẓẓulln gis middn taẓallit izwarn tizi ann.

Llan iwaliwn g warratn n umzruy ar tt inin mas tkmml twwuri g tmzgida ngr asggʷas 1162-1190-1199. g tagara fln middn timzgida tamzwarut ur a sul gis tẓallan. waxxa ur illi ubṭṭu ngr tmzgida tamzwarut d tmggarut, gn yat tmzgida uggar n ma ittggan 30 n usggʷas. a illiɣ akkʷ fln middn timzgida izwarn.

Tga tmzgida d tssumɛit n lkutubiya ayda igan izaykutn bahra d iddan zɣ tasut tamṛabṭit ar tamuwaḥḥidit.

Aẓkka n tmzgida

Afruri f uẓkka n tmzgida tamzwarut d tamaynut msasan s kigan, abla tasga twala lqblt gisn. aylli s tẓli tmzgida tamzwarut illa ula ɣ tmzgida tamaynut, mqqar tga tmzgida tamzwarut ɣilad ɣar ixʷrban igan imatarn imzruyn. tẓli tmzgida s yan umamk amuwaḥḥidi ifulkin, zɣ gis rwasn tt kigan n tmzgadiwin lli illan g tizi ann akud ann.

Zg bṛṛa

Taska, lli ittbnan s idqqi d uẓṛu n tmlalt , tga turrut nns 80 mitru f tsga n iming, d 60 mitru f tsga n tagut lli izgrarn zɣ iẓẓlmḍ ar iffus, ttyafa kra n twuri tga tin idqqi d ɣ gr isqqfan d tzuniwin ɣ tuẓẓumt n uɣʷrab n lqblt d lmnbṛ. smrsn ɣ tska n iɣʷrban n bṛṛa lli ittbnan f tsga n iffus d iming d win tagut aẓṛu n tmlalt. iḍṛ usmktan n uẓṛu lli illan f tsga n iẓẓlmḍ n tmzgida f uɣʷrab n iɣrm n imṛabṭin taqburt(iɣrm n uẓṛu). aggatn n tmzgida ṛcmn s umamkn unziln. igʷzman n tamawayin lant kigan n tskiwin ilan anawn n iɣʷmran zun d tisilt n wayyis, mssant tskiwin ann g ugnsu n unziɣ. talɣa tamasit g uflla lliɣ mmnzrin isqqfan imsasan ngr asn.

Aqrmud afiruzi f iɣʷrban isksfn s iɣuda n idqqi, s ulɣan n unuɣn immrwasn. ilin awd f uɣʷrab ṛṛcum ikufin unziln.

Yuma usarag n tmzgida g turrut 45 n mitru, zund turrut n isaragn n tuẓẓumt tis tẓa. tili yat tala n luḍu ɣ tuẓẓumt n usarag. tla tmzgida kkuẓ imawn, kṛaḍ zɣ gisn ar tt awin s tzuni n tẓallit nican, tis kkuẓt ar tt awi s usarag n tmzgida. illa yan imi yaḍn amrniw amatay ar itt awi s usarag n tmzgida zɣ uɣʷrab illan f iẓẓlmḍ, f tɣzi n uzlu anammas. ingabal uɣʷrab illa f mnid n tmzgida d tḥuna n uznuzi n idlisn, zɣ ɣid iklli s nbd gam lli, ad zɣ d yucka wassaɣ n tmzgida ‘lkutubiya’. illa dar tmzgida sin iflwan iẓlin, yan gisn iga win lfqih, illa f tsga taẓlmaḍt n lmnbṛ, yan iẓli s ugllid akud nna ira ad nn ikcm lmqsurt.^[5]

Tigmmi n tẓallit: tiqubba d isqfan

Timzgida lkutubiya ɣilad tmqqur tsna nns tg tlɣa nns tunziɣt, tasga nns taẓlmaḍt tamdrawt d uɣʷrab n lqblt n tmzgida lkutubiya tamzwarut tunf s tsga n iẓẓlmḍ tamnnagt, d umamk n tmzgida iga amrniw amẓlan imsasan d umamk usmann tazi d tinml. f tsgiwin n iɣʷrban iɣʷman n n lmḥrab ar nn tt afa uṭṭunn n iɣʷrban iɣʷman s tugtt n mayllan g iɣʷrban n tmzgadiwin s snat, g uflla n lmḥrab smmus tqubbatin ittbnan s uẓṛu : yat ɣ mnid n lmḥrab, d snat llant f (الاسطوان) wis kkuẓ nn iwalan f ufasi n (istwan.. n lmḥrab d uẓlmaḍ nns, d snat tqubbatin llan t f sin (اسطوان) lli imḥadan tagara udl n lmḥrab g s iming awd tagut, bḍan iɣʷrban n tmzgida f tẓa sdan i tsaratin iḍnin lli immrksn fknt udm n tgmmi n tẓallit.

Uṭṭunn tzuna n tgmmi n tẓallit gant sa d mraw tzuniwin, gisn sḍiṣ dln s tduli ila aqrmud, g tagara n tzuniwin tggura s kra n igllayn gan zun d tasila n wayyis g tlɣa nnsn, d kra ɣ igllayn ann msadn, dbbn f isaratn idusn. macc dduktuṛ ḥusayn munis irar taɣḍft s igllayn n tgmmi n tẓallit mas gan s izwar tẓa isnyann f uɣʷrab n lmḥrab - yat tawlaft bahra icnan illa addur s wafulki nns… lli igan zɣ inumaẓ n uẓkka lli ḍfaṛn t kigan n tmzgadiwin - inumaẓ ad baynn bahra g tmzgida n lkutubiya g mṛṛakc - iɣzzif uzun n tuẓẓumt f tuzunin ann yaḍn. d ula tadala lli illan mnid n uɣʷrab n lqubbt.

Lliɣ yad illa f iggi lmḥrab smmus tqubbatin, tigmmi n tẓallit awd nttat f iggi n tzuni n lmḥrab llan t fllas sḍiṣ t tqubbatin timẓyanin ttbnan t s lyajuṛ, ig uṭṭun nnsn t akkʷ 11 n tqubbanit g tmzgida, tiqubba ad ṛcmn t g ugʷns nnsn t s unuɣn d ikʷlan s kra iga tt anaw… acku g tɣrma tamṛṛukit tga yat tmatart taxatart g tmzgida n lkutubiya tafalkayt.

Lmnbṛ

Lmnbṛ n tmzgida ifulki bahra, ittawskar g tasut n ɛbd lmumn, illa ukan sul f ufulki nns ar ɣilad iḥḍa ukan sul kigan n tẓuṛi nns d ufulki nns, waxxa kra ɣ tsgiwin nns rcan t s uswaɣ n izmaz ggutn fllas izrin. isnuml t umrzu tiras inna fllas mas iga lmnbṛ lli kullu ifulkin g tɣrma tamslmt akkʷ. ittawskar lmnbṛ ad zɣ ukccuḍ n tasaft azggʷaɣ d uwraɣ, ikk tt inn ila tiflan n urɣ d uẓṛf. ikka d lmnbṛ ad tamurt n landalus.

Asarag n tmzgida

lmnzh bahra yuman illan f tsga n lkutubiya

G ḍaṛat n tgmmi n tẓallit, illa usarag n tmzgida, iṭṭfn iɣʷdmma d tzuniwin ssutln as zɣ kṛaḍ t tsggiwin, gnt tsaratin ann gis illan mas gant tid iẓlin lli bddn t tsgiwin n iɣʷrban n usarag akkʷ gnt txfwain nns tisnnanin g uflla ilan tiwẓa yuɣdn f tsga n udm lli nn ittaggʷan f usarag. talɣa ad lli nbdr ad illan dar isaragn niɣ iqṣray lli illan g tmzgida n tinml d tin tacblit.

Ifṛḍaṣ kul n tmzgida n lkutubiya d igʷzman nns zɣ iɣʷrban ar tiqubba ttbnan s igʷzman n iẓṛan lli ur igaddan g uksay nnsn. macc iflwan n tmzgida zɣ tsga taminigt ttbna s lyajuṛ. d uɣʷrab n iming n tmzgida ittbna s tgʷzmin n iẓṛan imsasan s tẓuṛi tafalkayt. ɣ tagara n tska n tmzgida g uflla illa lyajuṛ ḥma ad ur tili taẓayt f iɣʷrban awd tigmmi n tẓallit ttbna s ɣikan, d uqsri d isaragn g igllayn ttbnan akkʷ s lyajuṛ.^[6]