Taẓṛwalt

Taẓṛwalt (s taɛrabt: تزروالت‎, s tafransist: Tazeroualt) tga yan udɣar amzray illan ɣ Sus ɣ iffus n Lmɣrib, lli tn ikkan ɣ mad izrin tamazirt tasimant ɣ tasut tis sa d mraw. Tettuynbaḍ zɣ tmaẓunt nns Iliɣ ɣ idrarn n Waṭlas mẓẓiyn.^[1] Ɣ tizi lliɣ akk tmqqur tgldit n Taẓṛwalt, tɣʷi zɣ agaru aṭlanti ar tsga n Tuwat lli illan ɣil ad ɣ iggi wakal adzayri, tnbḍ yat tsga bahra imqqurn ɣ tnzruft.

Amnaḍ amzray

Iga Ḥmad u Musa argaz lli d akk izwarn is ibda ssulala n Tẓṛwalt, ikka tt inn iga yan ugʷrram u tmazirt n Sus lli iluln ɣ tuẓẓumt n tasut tis smmust d mrawt, istaqrra ḍffir maya ɣ tsga n Taẓrwalt, ɣinn a ɣ d isnulfa zzawit yawi d timaḍ n imḍfarn, nna d dars ittackan fad ad lmdn tiɣawsiwin izdin d usgd nnsn.^[2] Iṭṭf ɣ akud ann Ḥmad u Musa tazdayt ifulkin d iṣulṭaninn Isaɛdiyn lli tt inn ikkan ɣ tnbaḍt. Adɣar nns d atig nns ɣ usgd tujja-tt ad yari f lmakant nns. Lliɣ immut, adɣar lli ɣ ittuymḍal urgaz ad iga zun d lḥjj.

Amzruy

Tamazirt n Lmɣrib ɣ usggwas n 1660

Ɣ usggʷas n 1603, ɣ jjwayh n tẓallit n tukzin, rad immt uṣulṭan asaɛdiy Aḥmad Almansur, lli tt inn ikkan iga yan ɣ igldan lli bahra istawhmman ɣ Isaɛdiyn, fkan as akkʷ yism n Manṣur Dahbi acku ɣ uzmz nns igguda wurɣ. Kkan tt inn snat tqṣiṣin f mad ijran aylliɣ immut,^[3] ta izwarn ar ttini mas d yuḍn s tmaḍunt n Tasrka (da as nttini ula Ṭṭaɛun) nttat ad igan ssbab lliɣ immut, tiss snat ar ttini mas tmɣart nns Ɛica d yiwis Mulay Zidan ad as igan ssm fad ad t nɣin. Ilmma, dffir tmttant nns ibda urggay gr tarwa n Aḥmad Almansur f tnbaḍt^[4], ittyubḍa Lmɣrib s:

Awanak n Fas, inbḍ t iwis Lmamun,
Awanak n Mrrakc, inbḍ t iwis Zidan.

D tsgiwin yaḍni rad gisn nbḍn Zzawaya d imɣarn n tqbilin. Ḍaṛt ɣayad kullu, rad baynt kigan n tgldiwin, tilli akk gisnt istawhmann gan tnt:

Awanak n Ccbaniyin, inbḍ t Lḥajj Krrum Ccbani,
Awanak n Lɛyyaci, inbḍ t Muḥammad Lḥajj Ddyati,
Awanak n Tafilalt, inbḍ t Muḥammad Bn Ccrif Lɛalawi.
Ɣ tmazirt n Sus rad yili Abu Ḥassun Smlali, agldun wiss kraḍ n wawanak n Iliɣ, lli rad tg ilmma tagldit n Taẓrwalt

Ɣ tasut tiss sa d mraw miladya, ɣmk lli inna Muxtar Asusi ɣ udlis n "Iliɣ qadiman wa ḥaditan" , isusiyn ṛmin zɣ tthmic d ṭṭuɣyan lli tt inn kkan isaɛdiyn ar t skarn ɣ tmazirt. Mqqar tt inn ikka dar tqbilin n Sus yan ḍḍawr bahra istawhman ɣ waqqlay n isaɛdiyn s tnbaḍt d ubnnu n tgldit nnsn, nnig n ɣayad, Lmɣrib ɣ akud ann yut t ljafaf ur llin waman isggʷasn, tucka d ula tmaḍunt n Tasrka nɣ Ṭṭaɛun ula nttat, ur ufan tiqbilin ma tnt ittawsn bac ad ffɣn zɣ tmukrist ad acku ɣ uzmz ann trwi tgldit n isaɛdiyn mliḥ ur tsala i zun d tɣawsiwin ad,^[5] ur fllasn tɛaqql. Ɣ iffus akkʷ n Lmɣrib, kulci ɣil ad ssn tsga n Iliɣ nɣ Taẓrwalt s yism n Zzawit n Sidi Ḥmad u Musa, ar gis ittili yan unmuggar asgdan imqqurn kraygat usggʷas ɣ tigira n wayyur wiss tam. Rad nurri imikk s tɣʷṛḍin s uzmz n Aḥmad Almansur s yan imjri nẓḍar ad nini mas tt inn ikka iga zun d yat ccarara imẓẓiyn d yiwin kigan n tɣawsiwin yaḍnin fad ad tbayn tagldit n Taẓrwalt.

Ɣmk lli s yad ittussan, ikka tt inn dar Sidi Ḥmad u Musa smmus n ifrxan, gr smmus ad n ifrxan ikka tt inn yan ism as Ɛli, wad iggʷran srsn t ɣ Lḥbs s lamr n uṣulṭan Aḥmad Almansur Adahbi ɣ trudant, ur d acku iskr kra, is ka isawl f tmmara d ḍḍuruf icqqan nna s tt inn kkan tqbilin n Sus ar tnt ttddrn s ssbab n ljafaf d tmuḍan d laẓ, mac ur tt irḥm Almansur Adahbi d ittyamaẓ ɣ trudant aylliɣ immt. Ikka tt inn Ɛli Bn Ḥmd u Musa ittussan dar middn s ttadayyun nns, ikka tt inn iga argaz iɛdln, ddnb nns iga tt mas yusi ssiɛr n tmazirt nns isawl f tmukrisin nns, isawl ula f middn nns lli ittmttatn s laẓ d tmaḍunt. Imjri ad rad ibadl agudi n tɣawsiwin ɣ tannayt n isusiyn s mad izdin d tgldit n isaɛdiyn, tlla yat tmjrit ittussan yaḍn ar ttinin mas tdda yat tmɣart ad tcki s yan lqayd dar Almansur Adahbi, lliɣ dars tkcm tẓra mad tt inn ikka ar tt iskar acku ikka tt inn icqqa bahra, ar ittnbaḍ s yat tɣarast icqqan,^[6] sliɣ tnna " Kkiɣ tt inn ar tɛjjabɣ i waman manka s tn ikka ranqan fi aljadawili ... Aylliɣ ẓriɣ uɣbalu nns, ssnɣ izd aman ad tn ikkan irkʷi zɣ waẓur nns " , zɛma ṣṣulṭa ann icqqan lli tt inn kkan lqqiyad n Almansur Adahbi ar sis swurrin d middn tkka d zɣ dars acku nttan ad asn t imlan.^[7] Isusiyn rad gisn iɣama lḥal acku ɣ tzwiri nttni ad ibddn d isaɛdiyn lliɣ bḥra bdan aylliɣ lkmn s tnbaḍt, awsn asn bac ad ẓẓun f ibrtqqizn lli d itthjamn zɣ tsga n yill, micc bɛd mayad kullu t nkrn tn, mqqar taẓ bahra tmaẓunt nnsn Mrrakc i Sus. Rad immt Almansur Adahbi ilmma rad tcttet tgldit n isaɛdiyn, ɣid rad inkr Brahim yan ɣ tarwa mẓẓiyn n Sidi Ḥmad u Musa ad iskr tagrawla ɣ tmazirt n Sus, rad t bayɛn tiqbilin tisusiyin, nnan mas da ttigutn imḍfarn nns s tmlifat ass f wass. Rad lkmn inɣmisn ad Mulay Zidan lli rad yazn 3000 ajundi bac ad mmaɣn d tgrawla n Brahim Bn Muḥammad ɣ Sus, macc ijundiyn ad rwln acku ur asn fkan tiɣraḍ, ur asn tlkm tirmt mad cttan. Issn ɣ akud ann Mulay Zidan mas ṣafi tfta as ula nttat, zun d ukan tsgiwin yaḍnin d rad yiri ad yasi urɣ d lmujawharat nns lli tn ikkan iṣulṭaniyn ar tn tḥḍun ɣ zzawaya, acku tkka tt inn aktar amanan, macc ratt iṣbq Brahim Bn Muḥammad d rad yasi ttarawat ad lliɣ rad ihjm f zzawaya y'ad slawan akk ɣ Mrrakc, rad immt amɣar n tgrawla tasusiyt Brahim Bn Muḥammad yan ɣ tarwa n Sidi Ḥmad u Musa d rad ifl tnbaḍt i Lḥsn Bn Ɛli, iwis n xalis nit, mn bɛd mnnu rad yack agldun lli akk ittussan n tgldit n Taẓrwalt lli t igan Ɛli Bn Muḥammad Budmiɛa, ittufka y'as yism ad acku tkka tt inn dars yat tiṭṭ ar tmṭṭi bzzaf. Ɛli Bn Muḥammad Budmiɛa lli igan Abu Ḥassun Asmlal xklli s ittussan ɣ umzruy, ur tucki lmubayaɛa nns s yat tɣarast irxan acku kkan tt inn tarwa n Sidi Ḥmad u Musa mmaɣn d ingr-atsn f manwa gisn a rad yamẓ tnbaḍt, ɣ mayggʷran msasan fllas bac att bayɛn, d tmazirt lli akk izwarn att bayɛn gan ayt Ifran n waṭlas mẓẓiyn, aylliɣ d munn imɣarn d ccuyux n tqbilin d id butussna d ixatarn dar timḍlt n jddis Sidi Ḥmad u Musa ɣ ammas n zzawit n Taẓrwalt d skrn as lmubayaɛa rasmyan. Ɣikkad as rad tbdu yat tgzzumt tamaynut ɣ awanak n Iliɣ bac ad tg tagldit imqqurn.^[8]

Abu Ḥassun Asmlal, xklli sa ttinin ayt umzruy, ikka tt inn iga yan ufrux d aɛrrin iṣḥan iṭṭaf lɛaḍalat d dars lhiba d lkarizma, ɣayad rad ibayn ɣ tabrat tamzwarut lli rad yazn i Yaḥya Bn Ɛbdallah Bn Sɛid Lḥaḥi lli tn ikkan ɣ awanak n Iḥaḥan ɣ trudant, tabrat ann ikka tt nn gis tahdid ibayn bzzaf " Ya a ssi Lḥaḥi ad yi tḍfrt d ad yi tbayɛt, nɣ rad ackɣ ad utɣ innak " d rad as irar Lḥaḥi macc ljawab nns yuratt s tmdyazt inna y'as " Irayi ad as gɣ ismg ... Is ur idr is irwas fiqtuhu majdan? , Ira yus n Mus ad ig agllid s dduɛa ... wa lam yasum fi sayfihi fi ttala hada? ". ira s ljawab ad as yini mas ira ad yili imnɣi gr awanak n Iliɣ illan ddu tnbaḍt n Abu Ḥassun Asmlal, d awanak n Iḥaḥan ddu tnbaḍt n Yaḥya Bn Ɛbdallah Bn Sɛid Lḥaḥi. Mn bɛd imnɣi s wawal, mmaɣn iwunak ad s sin ɣ ssaḥt, d ku twal yan gisn ar itrbaḥ. Yiwid Yaḥya Bn Ɛbdallah Bn Sɛid Lḥaḥi idɣarn n Ida Uknsus d Wlad Jrrar ɣ nnawaḥi n Tiznit, macc dɣya sliɣtn isurri Abu Ḥassun Asmlal, imikk s imikk yiwid Abu Ḥassun Asmlal idɣarn n Yaḥya Bn Ɛbdallah Bn Sɛid Lḥaḥi adt igan d Tarudant d Agadir ula nttat ar iwtta n Imi n Tanut lli tn ikkan ddu tnbaḍt n uṣulṭan Zidan macc ɣinn a ɣ ibidd usmɣur nns, ar ttinin id bu umzruy mas mlad is izuyd imikk s lgddam rad yawi ula tsga n Iḥaḥan d Lḥuz ḥtta nttat acku aṣulṭan Zidan ibda ar itrwal s tsga n ugafa tjra y'as yat tmjrit ɣ uftas n Agadir nttat atid isrmin, ikra yan lbaṭu afransawi dar yan uqubṭan iga s yism Jon Filip Du Kastyan, d ikka tt inn lbaṭu y'ann ibidd x ufttas n Ugadir lli tn ikkan dars yism n Santa Kruz fad ad sis irur s Fransa dar Lwis wis kraḍ d mraw lli y'as inna ɣar ackd dari, macc uqubṭan n lbaṭu y'ann lliɣ d iẓra uṣulṭan Zidan asaɛdiy icarji urɣ d lmujawharat d idlisn ɣ lbaṭu iṭmɛa irur iflt bla n taryalt.^[9]

Lliɣ d yumẓ Abu Ḥassun Asmlal tanbaḍt n tmazirt n Sus kullut, rad izri s tsga n Drɛa tafilalt usggwas n 1638 s ljic nns d ra st iɣʷi mn bɛd 3 isggwasn n imnɣi, d rad yamẓ Muḥammad Bn Ccrif Lɛalawi ɣ lḥbs d ɣid a'ɣ rad tg awanak n Iliɣ tagldit n tidt acku rad inbḍ Abu Ḥassun Asmlal iffus n Lmɣrib kullut ar Timbuktu iffus n tiniri d rad isayṭr f iɣarasn n tsbbabt d rad tg tagldit n Taẓrwalt ammas n tsbbabt imqqurn acku kigan n udayn imɣrabiyn rad gis staqrrn d rad asn ttuybna yat lknist nnsn ɣ tsga lli rad tḍr mn bɛd.

Tagldit n Taẓrwalt uckan as liɛtirafat dar tmizar mqqurnin ɣ-akud-ann acku tkka tt inn tṣḥa tadamsa nns ula tasbbabt nns sul tkka tt inn dars yat taẓḍurt taɛskrit.

Ẓṛ uggar

↑ Colonel Léopold-Victor Justinard, Un petit Royaume Berbère: « le Tazeroualt, un saint berbère Sidi Ahmed Ou Moussa », Librairie orientale et américaine, 1954.
↑ H. de Castries, Notice sur la région de l'oued Draa, in Bulletin de la société de géographie, 1880, tome XX, p. 500.
↑ Conrad Malte Brun, , Paris, Furne et Cie éditeurs, 1852, p. 649.
↑ Oskar Lenz, , Paris, Librairie Hachette et Cie, 1886, chap. XI (« Voyage au pays de Sidi-Héscham »), p. 341.
↑ François Bulloz, fondateur, « », Revue des Deux Mondes,‎ 1898, p. 379 tome 149
↑ Justinard, Léopold Victor; Institut des hautes-études marocaines (1954). Un petit royaume berbère, le Tazeroualt: Un saint berbère, Sidi Ahmed Ou Moussa. G.-P. Maisonneuve.
↑ Abitbol, Michael (1988). "Maraboutism and state formation in Southern Morocco". In Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt; Michael Abitbol; Naomi Chazan (eds.). The Early State in African Perspective: Culture, Power, and Division of Labor. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 134–147. ISBN 978-90-04-08355-4.
↑ Messier, Ronald A.; Miller, James A. (2015-06-15). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76667-9.
↑ Sus Alɛalima - Tagldit n Taẓrwalt ( Mamlakat Taẓrwalt ) - Ep 2 [Ẓr ɣ Yurtub]

Tinidlisn

Timbouctou: voyage au Maroc, au Sahara et au Soudan; auteur Dr Oskar Lenz, traduit de l'allemand par Pierre Lehautcourt; 1886; Librairie Hachette et Cie Paris
Dictionnaire universel d'histoire géographie Bouillet 1878: description de Sidi-Hescham
Voyages autour du monde et naufrages célèbres par le capitaine G. Lafond; Administration des librairies 1844 Paris
De la domination turque dans l'ancienne régence d'Alger par Louis Joseph F. Walsin Esterhazy, capitaine d'artillerie, Librairie de Charles Gosselin 1840 Paris
Le Maroc, Géographie- organisation politique, de René Jules Frisch, 1895, cité dans le "Rapport relatif aux aspects culturels de la régionalisation", paragraphe "histoire de la tradition régionale marocaine" établit en 2013 par l'Ires

Ɣr uggar

Muḥammad al-Mukhtār Sūsī (1966). Īlīgh qadīman wa-ḥadīthan. al-Rabāṭ: al-Maṭbaʻah al-Mulkīyah.
Pascon, Paul (1984). La maison d'Iligh et l'histoire sociale du Tazerwalt. SMER.

Isaɣuln

[1] Colonel Léopold-Victor Justinard, Un petit Royaume Berbère: « le Tazeroualt, un saint berbère Sidi Ahmed Ou Moussa », Librairie orientale et américaine, 1954.

[2] H. de Castries, Notice sur la région de l'oued Draa, in Bulletin de la société de géographie, 1880, tome XX, p. 500.

[3] Conrad Malte Brun, , Paris, Furne et Cie éditeurs, 1852, p. 649.

[4] Oskar Lenz, , Paris, Librairie Hachette et Cie, 1886, chap. XI (« Voyage au pays de Sidi-Héscham »), p. 341.

[5] François Bulloz, fondateur, « », Revue des Deux Mondes,‎ 1898, p. 379 tome 149

[6] Justinard, Léopold Victor; Institut des hautes-études marocaines (1954). Un petit royaume berbère, le Tazeroualt: Un saint berbère, Sidi Ahmed Ou Moussa. G.-P. Maisonneuve.

[7] Abitbol, Michael (1988). "Maraboutism and state formation in Southern Morocco". In Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt; Michael Abitbol; Naomi Chazan (eds.). The Early State in African Perspective: Culture, Power, and Division of Labor. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 134–147. ISBN 978-90-04-08355-4.

[8] Messier, Ronald A.; Miller, James A. (2015-06-15). The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76667-9.

[9] Sus Alɛalima - Tagldit n Taẓrwalt ( Mamlakat Taẓrwalt ) - Ep 2 [Ẓr ɣ Yurtub]

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