Amussu niɣ tilalt n Imɛcaṛ iga yan umussu ismunn taẓuṛi d tdlsa, ttwassn tilalt ad tadlsant ɣ tmizar n iẓẓlmḍ n ifriqya d tgzirin n Kanaray, timizar lliɣ zdɣn imaziɣn. Iṭṭf umussu ad ula amzruy idran ilkmn tasutin f tasutin mqqar nit ur llint kigan n tuggʷa timiray fllas. Ar ɣilad, iṭṭaf ukan sul umussu ad tilit nns g tmizar n Lmɣrib, slawan akkʷ g tsggiwin n Sus d iffus n tgldit n Lmɣrib. Tga tffugla ad yat tffugla tamdnant llis iskar umadan, iẓḍaṛ ku yan ad gis idru, tg ula zɣ timyurin tidlsanin d tẓuṛanin lli d iqqan ufrag d usuttg, acku iga umussu ad yan udm ifawn zɣ udmawn ggutnin n wayda adlsan g tmazirt nnɣ.
kra n imɛcaṛ g iffus n tgldit
Tga tilalt ad tad lli d bahra yugmn zɣ wayda aɛibri[1] (timyurin, tutlayt d umawal, timlsa, aswingm, iwrikn), ɣmk lli tsmun kigan n tmyurin timaziɣin (aẓawan, imassn ttawsmrasnin, timyurin, tutlayt) tg ula tamatart f tmyidirt illan gr imaziɣn d wudayn ddrnin g Lmɣrib slawan akkʷ wida llanin g yiffus n tgldit.
Ɣ tilawt, tzdi tguri ad d wass n tɛcuṛt[3] lli igan ass wiss mraw g wayyur n muḥaṛṛam g usggʷas ahijri. Da tettunni tguri n tmɛcuṛt i takat nɣ d lɛfit lli nssrɣa tizi n usfuglu s tɛcuṛt. Taguri n imɛcaṛ nttat da tettunni i trabbut n imurarn lli skarnin taffugla ad, mk lli tettunni ula i tffugla ad nit s yixf nns.
Taguri n imɛcaṛ da ttusmris kigan g yiffus n tgldit n Lmɣrib, ilint ula tguriwin yaḍnin lli dids imsackan g tsggiwin yaḍnin n Lmɣrib zun d: imhḍḍṛn, imɣarn n yiḍ, iṣwabn..d tguriwin yaḍnin.
S umata, imɛacṛn gan tarabbut lli iskarn tugt n tmyurin tiqburin munnin d taḍṣa d lhḍṛt d lfṛṛajt g wayyur n tɛcuṛt. Iga umussu ad yan udm iccarn ngr wayda amaziɣ d wayda aɛibri lliɣ ar gis nttafa tugt n tɣawsiwin zdinin ngr imaziɣn d wudayn g mad iẓlin s tmyurin d yismwan d tmlsa d tzzulin d umzruy d tɣawsiwin yaḍnin.
S umata tga tffugla n imɛcaṛ yat tffugla ismrasn udmawn nɣ tasuni dat n tugt imussutn idlsann g nttafa tatiqnit ad [4] ar ittili g yiḍ, ar gis ttusmrasn gar iwaliwn ɣ talɣatin itturarn s yimsli iɛwwjn infln f tbridt n wawal ɣ tɣarast tanmyurt.
Ar tettili tffugla n imɛcaṛ g imalass amzwaru g wayyur n tɛcuṛt g usggʷas ahijri. Ar ɣil ad urta sul nufi tizrawin nɣ d tiɣuriwin mmalanin tizi lliɣ ssntan imaziɣn ar sfuglan s imɛcaṛ, mk lli sfuglan s tiffugliwin yaḍnin (bilmawn niɣ bujlud, bllɣnja, ignawn, ismgan...) macc aylli illan g tmkʷtit n imaziɣn izaykutn iga t mas iga usfuglu ad wad igan aqbur ikkan kigan n tasutin dranin. Ifaw ula mas ẓḍaṛn imaziɣn ad frgn tilal n imɛcaṛ mqqar kcmn isgdn yaḍnin (tudayt, tamasiḥit, lislam), ur fln asfuglu ad, macc mmaɣn snfln t s imikk afad ad imsasa d isnfln ixatarn llanin g umnaḍ lliɣ ddrn.
Ɣ mad iẓlin s tirra n umzruy n umussu ad igan adlsan d unamun d win tẓuṛi, aylli bahra fllas yujadn iga t amzruy amiwan lli igan tuggʷa d iwaliwn lli fllas ttinin middn tasutin f tasutin. Ɣ umnid amiray, darnɣ yat tuggʷa tamirayt n unɣmas afṛanṣawi "gatifuṣi" lli yuran yan umgrad g isnuml mad iẓṛa f imɛcaṛ n tznit g usggʷas n 1934. [5]
Imassann n usgd llanin g tsga n Sus ẓṛan timyurin ad macc ur nnin is hrcnt, igllin n Muḥammad Lmxtar Ssusi ur fllasnt inni walu. Inna umrzu Muḥammad Mustawi g yan umgrad nns g uṭṭun wis sin g tsɣunt nns "tawsna" lli nit nbdr g iɣbula n umgrad [6] ad mas nnan imzdaɣn n ifran mas d amassan sidi ṭṭahṛ lifrani ar isnubg s imɛcaṛ, ar asn yakka tarragin, ar issflad i iwaliwn nnsn, ar iṭṭṣṣa, ɣmk ann ula yiwis amassan muḥmmad ṭṭahṛ lifrani.
Ar ittili usfuglu n imɛcaṛ g mnnaw idɣarn zdinin d kraygat tafrka g tfrkiwin zdinin d usfuglu ad ku dd yat d nttat, g usujd nns niɣ asmnid nns, nɣd asmad nns. zɣ idɣarn idslann zdinin d usfuglu ad, nẓḍaṛ ad nbdr: lmiɛaṛt niɣ lknisit, asyarur n usays, tiswak n usun, lḥuc, lguṛ. rad nfk isisfiwn f kraygat adɣar d twwuriwin lli gis ttawskarnin s ɣmk ad:
Adɣar ad ar ittgga yat tgmmi ur ittuzdaɣn, igdl f kuyan ad srs ikccim abla wida llanin g trabbut n imɛcaṛ. taguri ad tga tin wayda adlsan aɛibri izdin d usgd. adɣar ad aɣ ar ttmmiggirn imɛcaṛ, ar gis skarn tismunay nnsn, ar gis ggann, ar gis cttan, ar gis ssrusn ula aɣawas n yiḍ: abrid lli rad kkin, tiswak d ibrdan, tigʷmma lli rad rzfn. tga lmiɛaṛt ula lxzin lliɣ a smmunn tiɣawsiwin lli asn akkan middn am: sskkaṛ, tumẓin, irdn, idrimn, aggurn ....
Adɣar izdin d usays. adɣar ad, ad igan ammas lliɣ ttmussun imurarn n imɛcaṛ, ar ittili mnid n umras ɣ ittgawar ugdud g ttilin ku tidula llanin g wamun: iwtman, tiwtmin, irgazn, timɣarin, inbɣurn d imẓlaḍ. s ɣmk ad as iga lguṛ agzzum n usayrur n usays akkʷ, nttan ad igan tasila tasilant n tẓuṛi dat n tmzgunt lli smnidn imɛcaṛ.
Tiswak niɣ ibrdan n usun ɣ ttmussun imɛcaṛ, ar zzrayn tasukt s tayyaḍ, ar ttkkan tigmmi s tayyaḍ, ar ttḥucn g yimi n tgʷmma, ar kkatn s igjda nnsn f iggi n lɛdubat, ar asn d akkan imzdaɣn tarragin.
Da ttigutn iwrikn ttawsnin g usfuglu n umussu n imɛcaṛ, iẓḍaṛ ad yili g kraygat tarabbut n imɛcaṛ mad izrin agnar ar kṛamraw n iwdan ganin imaddaln nɣd imurarn skarnin tilal ẓlinin, nẓḍaṛ ad nbḍu iwrikn ad s ɣmk ad:
Tarabbut ad tuma iwdan ẓlinin s imassn n uẓawan, iqqan d ad ssnn ad ttirirn f ku imiss iẓlin s tffugla ad igan tamdnant d taqburt, ggutn imassn n uẓawan lli gis ttawsmrasnin zund : tallunt, ganga, lɛwwad, nnaqus, tiqqrqabbatin, agwal. [7]
Gan iwdan ttasinin iɛmmad n tgjda n ukccuḍ, ar srsn kkatn s yat tkklit s tɣarast igan tamgrut. tukkimin ad f wakal da ttmunnt d uẓawan d tallɣatin lli tskar trabbut n uẓawan, g tizi ad nit da ttalɣn imɛcaṛ kra n turarin munnin d umussu n imɛcaṛ.
Awrik iskarn tilal n unḍḍam niɣ amdyaz dar imɛcaṛ, nttan ad iskarn tinḍḍamin d tmdyazin lli s ar tturarn imɛcaṛ. tinḍḍamin ad lli ṭṭafnin adɣar igan anammas g tẓuṛi ad igan dat n umzgun lli ismunn cigan n tẓuṛiwin: aẓawan, adraz, asnflul, amzgun. iqqan d f wawrik ad ad iḥsu maṛṛa timdyazin lli sgudin imɛcaṛ tasutin f tasutin, mqqar nit umant awal ihrcn, yiẓḍiṛ ula ad isnflel timdyazin yaḍnin ganin timaynutin s mad d yiwi umnaḍ n imɛcaṛ, yiẓḍiṛ ula ad isawal s tɣarast lli sa sawaln wudayn tutlayt tamaziɣt, iṭṭf ula agṛḍ idusn afad ad asn issflid ugdud mqqar t yaggug.
Lḥzzan nttan ad igan argrag n wudayn. awrik lli rad yurar tamlalt ad, ar ilssa timlsit igan tabrkant (tasggʷant), ig nn yat tcicit f iggi n ugayyu nns, iṭṭf ula tamart ɣzzifn, ar ittasi adlis axatar n usgd n wudayn lli mu ism "ttawṛat". lḥzzan nttan ad ittggan anmɣur n trabbut g umnid iẓlin s wusmdy ad dar imɛcaṛ. ar t nttafi ar isawal tutlayt tamaziɣt iẓlin s tɣarast lli s tt sawalan wudayn ( s umdya asnfl n "s" s "c" d usmrs n tguriwin am: zdi, buhbuh, lmsgub...). nttan ad ittggan bab n wawal g trabbut n imɛcaṛ, iwaliwn nns ur bdda ɣusn acku ar gisn ttilin kigan n iwaliwn lli bahra hrcnin, lli saḍṣanin agdud. nttan ula ad yakkan dduɛa g tgira mad umẓn imɛcaṛ kra n tarragt zun d idrimn nɣd sskkar. ittussan lḥzzan ula s tmrarutin d ixfawaln nns saḍṣanin g unyalkam nns d ulggud d iwaliwn lli ittini ugdud. imɛcaṛ nttni ar ttinin s tɣarast nit lli s sawalan udayn: lḥzzan inu, cidi lḥzzan, sdi lxaxam.
Tamɣart tudayt, tga tamṭṭuḍt n lḥzzan. awrik lli rad iskr tilalt ad, iqqan d ad yiẓḍiṛ ad iskr zund mk lli skarnt tmɣarin tudayin g tɣarast lli s sawalnt tutlayt tamaziɣt, timlsa nnsnt, tawada nnsnt...
Tga tt txddamt niɣ tamswurit lli iskarn tiwwuriwin g ugns n taddart. walli rad iskr tilalt ad g umussu n imɛcaṛ, iqqan d ad iklu tafgga nns s uklu abrkan, issn ula ad isawal awal s ugṛḍ ibsusn igan win tmɣarin, ils timlsit d yusan d tmɣart iskarn tawwuri g ugns n tgmmi.
g umussu n imɛcaṛ, awrik ad ar ittkka gr ugdud ar ismnid kigan n tɣawsiwin lli iga g tmcɣalt niɣ ɣ tzgawt nns yiri ad tnt izznz mk tga tmyurt n imɛcaṛ. amsawal nns akd ugdud gis gar tiguriwin hrcnin skarnin taḍṣa.
Ar as nttini ula abulisi, nttan ad ittilin f usnmala n umussu n imɛcaṛ d uswwuddu nns iẓiln d iṛwan, nttan ann ittwalan amnid n tnfrut g umussu ad, ar ittgga ttmi isbidd wanna iran ad iskr kra n tbbayḍaṛin dat n tzzigzt n tffugla ad.
g tgariwin ad, lliɣ llan isnfln ggutnin g umussu n imɛcaṛ aylliɣ akkʷ lkmn ad gin yan ukṛnafal axatar lli snmalant tmsmunin s umyawas d tnbaḍin tidɣaranin, s umdya akṛnafal n tɣrmt n tznit ittilin g kraygat asggʷas, [8] da nttafa iwrikn imaynutn lli smnidn imɛcaṛ, ar ttggan anck n imudar am: adinuṣuṛ, ilf, aṛam, ifis, tafunast, lbaz, asrdun, aslm, tawwukt, agaywar, d wiyyaḍ yaḍnin.
Dat mad urta tettusnta tffugla n imɛcaṛ g uzmz lliɣ ttili g wass wis tẓa g wayyur n muḥaṛṛam ahijri, ar ttmunn iwdan lli rad tt iskr g trabbut, stin adɣar lliɣ rad swurin. tawwuri ad ar ttili kigan n wussan niɣ akkʷ mnnaw imalassn dat n tfugla. g tfrka ad tamzwarut, ar ittili uḥiyyl niɣ asujd n maṛṛa tiɣawsiwin lli rad yaws g umurs n tffugla n imɛcaṛ am: astay n iwrikn, asujd n imassn, asujd n tmlsa, asnflul d usujd n tallɣatin d turarin, abṭṭu n tilal gr iwrikn ( tarabbut n uẓawan, tarabbut n id bu tgjda, tarabbut n usmdya...). g tfrka ad, ar ttilin ula isanunn d tirmitin timzwura f usmnid. lliɣ tga tffugla n imɛcaṛ tad bdda izdin d waḍan, hati awd isujdn ad ar ttilin ɣas ɣ yiḍ g idɣarn ur issn yan.
Iɣ ilkm wass wis tẓa g wayyur n muḥaṛṛam, smdn imɛcaṛ tawwuri n usujd d uḥiyyl. tlkm ɣilad tizi n usmnid n usnflul lli ssujadn. yili usnti s ussrɣ n takat n tmɛcuṛt dffir n tẓallit n tinyiḍṣ. dffir mad ssrɣan ganga d tllunna, ar tssnti trabbut n uẓawan iwiz nns, s tllaɣatin ganin timnnawin d udraz n uḥwac s tutlayt n imɛcaṛ g ttilin iɛuṛiḍn, id bu tgjda awd nttni ar ttawsn g tfrka ad s tukkimin lli skarn f iggi n wakal. iɣ ismd usmnid n uẓawan, ar tlkkm twala n usmnid n umzgun ɣ drrun maṛṛa n iwrikn ku dd yan s tilalt nns: lḥzzan, smiḥa, tawayya, anḍaf. g tizi ad, ar smmunn imɛcaṛ tarragin lli asn akkan middn, ar tn iḍfuṛ ugdud iggutn, iɣ kkan mad kkan ar skaṭṭayn tilal ad n umzgun s tallɣatin lli tturarn d tḥwacin fsusnin. iɣ umzn kra n tarragt, ar yakka lḥzzan dduɛa s tɣarast ɣ bdda tlla taḍṣa. ɣik ad ad iga usinaryu n usmnid n imɛcaṛ ar kiɣ kullu kkan tamazirt.
g tgira mad smdn imɛcaṛ tasutlt nnsn, kkin kullu f tgʷmma n usun niɣ tiɣrmt, lli sɣiwsn ad tnt kkin g tmazirt akkʷ, ar tettili yat tfugla tamgrut ɣ drun kullu imzdaɣn n usun, ar gis cttan tirmt irwasn tin lmɛṛuf. dffir nns ar ittili uḥwac g ttḥaḍaṛn iwrikn lli skrnin imɛcaṛ, macc tikklit ad tar udmawn niɣ tasuni, tar timlsit n uḥṭṭu lli adlli lssan g waḍan zrinin llasnin, ɣmk ann af icqqa f ku yan ad tn yakʷz, yakʷz ula tilalt niɣ tasmiglt lli iskr ku dd yan gisn.
amɛcuṛ amudrYiwi d uslmad amrzu jamɛ bnidir g udlis nns: "imɛcaṛ n tiznit", zɣ tiẓṛigin n usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt , tugt n tallɣatin lli tturarn d ar smurign imɛcar iɣ skrn amussu nnsn, ig tnt umrzu g umḍfuṛ g umggaru n udlis nns, llant gisnt tilli mu iskr asuɣl s taɛṛabt ilint gisnt ula tilli ur issuɣl acku gisn tugt n iwaliwn xcnin ganin iɛuṛiḍn, acku xtad ad igan timẓlit n usfuglu n imɛcaṛ, yat tffugla immaɣn ad ttini aylli mu ur nẓḍaṛ ad t nenna, ɣmk ann af tilli tfuggla ad ammas n waḍan, lsin id bab nns udmawn niɣ tasuni ḥma ad tn ur yakʷz awd yan. had amdya amzwaru n tallɣatin ad [9]:
"bismi llah a imi nu
luḥ imurig
ad ak nɣr a ṛbbi
gaɣ tisnt i wawal
ad iyyi tɛawnt tasa nu
anẓẓaḍ imurig
a ayt lmakan
ɛla ṛbbi ḍif llah
cahdat a ma ɣid illan
is kullu nga yan
nkkin ur giɣ uday
lhdṛ af nzzigiz".
imɛcaṛ usin iɛmdan ar tturarn
Zɣ talɣatin yaḍnin lli sa ttiririn imɛcaṛ, da nttafa tid g llan iɛuṛḍn niɣ gar iwaliwn hrcnin ganin gar lli nit nttafa g udlis lli yura mass bnidir, amdya[10] :
"argaz n lalla ṛḥma,
ign dars ixxi dars!
ufiɣ nn mak ɣ tagant icca tt uṣmmiḍ!
nki, ka ihda ṛbbi, gnɣ fllas ar azal!
i ṛbbi, a xtin illan ɣ uflla uzur
ya wammaḥ iẓggaɣn, i bu ganga!"
Zɣ talɣatin lli izuzzr umrzu muḥmmad amnun g udlis nns lli yura f ifran aṭlaṣ amẓyan, da nttafa:
nẓḍaṛ ad nini mas d mqqar llant gar tiguriwin ganin tin iɛuṛiḍn g umawal d tnḍḍamin d tmdyazin d imnnitn akkʷ lli ttinin imɛcaṛ, hati gan yat tɣawas igan tanmyurt acku ma ad nit af ttuṣka tffugla n imɛcaṛ, tẓli ula srs zɣ kullu tiffugliwin ttawssannin g yiẓẓlmḍ n ifriqya. tga tanmyur acku tẓli d umnad iẓlin g uzmz d idɣarn d iwttasn nns, tzdi d yiḍ, d middn lsanin udmawn d tsuni wattsnin ad tili tumrt dar ugdud lli tn iḍfṛn.
g uzmz n ɣilad, g tugt n tmizar n tsga n yiffus n lmɣrib, llan kigan n isnfln f umussu n imɛcaṛ, ɣila d immatti iga akaṛnfal axatar zun d akaṛnfan n imɛcaṛ lli ittilin g tɣrmt n tiznit ku asggʷas, ula walli skarn iɛrrimn n ifran kraygat asggʷas[12]. tugt n imrzutn stawhmmanin s urzzu g tumant ad igan tadslant d tnamunt d tin tẓuṛi, ar akkan isqqsitn f tɣarasin lli rad yaws g usmɣr d usuttg nns ɣmk ann ula f tmamkt n twisi nnsnt g tgmi n tmizar lliɣ sul tlla. zɣ tmsarin lli f illa urzzu, ibdr uslamad lḥusayn ayt baḥsin g yat tinnawt nns tamiwant lli iskr g tɣrmt n tɣjjijt tugt n isɣlaf lli rad yaws g ubuɣlu d usmɣr d usuttg n ikaṛnafaln n udmawn akkʷ dar imaziɣn, d ukaṛnafal n imɛcaṛ s yat tɣarast iẓlin[13].
Afad ad iẓil yimal n tumant ad ibuɣlu bahra, iqqan d ad yili usissn nns g usati anamur d ugraɣlan, iqqan d ad tettuzmmim g usati n wayda adlsan arkmam, iqqan d ula ussrqb n urzzu fllas, s tɣarst n tzrawin lli rad sul fllas isnubbc g kullu udmawn lli srs ẓlinin.
Iqqan d ula usidf n umussu n imɛcaṛ g tgmi niɣ tanfalit g tmizar g sul illa, s usidf n taysi ad tanamurt tazaykut g nttafa asnflul d tussna d tdlsa d tẓuṛi, g isnfarn ungimn g iswirn anmnaḍ d umaḍlan. s umdya, nẓḍaṛ ad nssigut ikṛnafaln n imɛcaṛ g mad iẓlin s ussrqb n tmallayt g udmawn nns afaran d udlsan.
Yat tɣawsa yaḍnin, ifaw is bahra tstawhmma awd nttat, iqqan d ad nmmaɣ f untam n maṛṛa mad iẓlin s umussu ad g umzruy nns, d ifrdas nns, d tirra n usnflul lli dids ittmunn.
