Tutlayt Taɣdimst
Tutlayt taɣdimst (Tamaziɣt: Ɛdims, [ʕdimes] nɣ Ɣdams, [ɣdames]; Taɛṛabt: غدامس, [ɣadaːmes]) tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt ittusawaln ɣ tɣla n udwwar n Ɣadamis ɣ tsuḍnt n Nalut ɣ Libya.
Asnubbc
ssnflTimttawin f tutlayt taɣdimst smunn tnt sin imsnilsn. Timttawin timzwura ifsr tnt Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski g 1903 d 1904. Gant twuriwin n Jacques Lanfry, lli izdɣn g ɣadamis zɣ 1944 ar 1945, ifsr snat twuriwin nns nna istuhmman ɣ 1968 d 1973, asagʷm yufn amzwaru. Ur jjun sul ittuskar kra n usnubbc amaynu f udɣar ad sɣ wakud ann. Ɣ tgariwin ad, ifsr Kossmann (2013) yat tjṛṛumt tatrat ibiddn f tmttawin n Lanfry.
Uṭṭun n imsiwln
ssnflIḍkḍ Lanfry is llan 4,000 n imssiwnl iɣ kullu ggutn[2]. Uṭṭun ɣ tilawt ur ittussan s usnɣd. Ar isawal Ethnologue f yan wuṭṭan dar 10,000 ɣ 2006 d 2,000 yaḍn iddrn bṛṛa n udɣar. Maccan uṭṭun n 10,000 iga tamuttrt n imzdaɣn Ɣadamis lli kullu ur igin imsiwln s tutlayt taɣdimst. Nnig n aya, Uṭṭun ad n 2,000 n umzwag amsiwl ibdd f yan usagʷm bahra iqqburn[3]. Ethnologue ar tt issiḍin am tutlayt illan g imizi n unɣubu "6b" (Threatened).
Tutlayt
ssnflTga Tɣdimst tutlayt tamaziɣt i waḍu nns, tari mnnawt tmẓlay tisnmslitin d tsnalɣanin timyiwnin. Amawal n tɣdimst, mk lli t izmmim Lafry, ar immal iḍiṣ idrusn zzɣ tɛṛabt. Ur ta illi kra n umsasa f ussinw n tɣdimst gr trabbut n tutlayin timaziɣin. Aikhenvald d Militarev (1984) ar tt ssiḍinn f tmaziɣt n ugmuḍ. Kossmann (1999) ar tt ismun d Twilant. Ethnologue iga tt d Tajanat n ugmuḍ g ussinw nns.
Tasnmslit
ssnfl- Tirgalin
Zun d tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn d tɛṛabt, Taɣdimst dars tirgalin tuffayin (pharyngealized) d tɣmsanin (plain dental consonants). Tg tussda tanmẓlayt (contrastive). Tirgalin ittyubdarn gr tskiwin ar ttjṛunt ɣar kra n tikkal (sporadically).
| Labial |
Labio- dental |
Dental |
Dental phar. |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Pharyngeal |
Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | |||||||
| Stop |
(p) b |
t̪ d̪ |
t̪ˤ dˤ |
ɟ |
k ɡ |
q |
|||
| Fricative |
β |
f |
s̪ z̪ |
s̪ˤ z̪ˤ |
ʃ ʒ |
x ɣ |
ħ ʕ |
h | |
| Affricate | (tʃ) | ||||||||
| Approximant | w | l̪ | l̪ˤ | j | |||||
| Trill | r̪ | r̪ˤ |
- Iɣritn
Amata n tutlayin timaziɣin ṭṭafnt ɣar kraḍ iɣritn imslicann.
tṭṭaf Taɣdimst smmus iɣritn zun d tamacɣt.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Near-open | ɐ | ||
| Open | a |
Amawal asilan
ssnflTlla ɣ izdar talgamt n Lipzig-Jakarta n tɣdimst, tettyuskar f aylli illan g Lanfry (1973).
| Taɣdimst | Taclḥiyt | Tinglizt | |
| 1 | ōfa | lɛfiyt | fire |
| 2 | tənzart | tinxar, tinzar (rare) | nose |
| 3 | as with verbal deictic n "thither" (cf. 11 to come) | ddu | to go |
| 4 | aman (plurale tantum) | aman | water |
| 5 | ame | imi | mouth |
| 6 | ēləs | ils | tongue |
| 7 | dămmăn (plurale tantum) | idammn | blood |
| 8 | ɣăṣṣ | ixss, iɣss | bone |
| 9 | căgg(ən) (m.), cămm(ən) (f.) | kyy(in) (m.), kmm(in) (f.) | 2sg pronoun |
| 10 | aẓur "root of plant" | aẓuṛ | root |
| 11 | as with verbal deictic d "hither" (cf. 3 to go) | ack | to come |
| 12 | bab, admār | admr | breast |
| 13 | anaẓar | anẓar | rain |
| 14 | năcc(ən) | nkk(in) | 1sg pronoun |
| 15 | ism | ism | name |
| 16 | talləkt | tilkit | louse |
| 17 | afraw | ifr | wing |
| 18 | aksəm | tifyyi, aksum (Child language) | flesh/meat |
| 19 | ōfəss "hand", āɣil "arm" | afus / iɣil | hand/arm |
| 20 | izi | izi | fly |
| 21 | ēβăḍ | iḍ | night |
| 22 | ēsəm | amzzuɣ | ear |
| 23 | takorəmt (cf. 47 back) | amggrḍ | neck |
| 24 | (not attested) | tuggugt | far |
| 25 | əqḍu "to do, achieve" < Arabic, ăj "to put, to make" | g, skr | to do/make |
| 26 | daž, taddart | tigmmi | house |
| 27 | ērəj | aẓṛu | stone/rock |
| 28 | iẓēk "to be bitter" | iṛẓig | bitter |
| 29 | ăn | ini | to say |
| 30 | asēn "incisor", taɣməst "molar", tawjlet "canine" | taxʷst "incisor", agʷl "molar", aznzɣ "canine" | tooth |
| 31 | azaw | azzar, acakka | hair |
| 32 | (not attested) | mqqur | big |
| 33 | yōn (m.), yōt (f.) | yan (m.), yat (f.) | one |
| 34 | anno | man wa? | who? |
| 35 | (n)itto (m.), (n)ittāt (f.) | ntta(n) (m.), nttat (f.) | 3sg pronoun |
| 36 | ŏwət | ut | to beat/hit |
| 37 | aḍar | aḍaṛ | leg/foot |
| 38 | ackaw | askiw | horn |
| 39 | -o | -ad | this |
| 40 | (not attested) | aslm | fish |
| 41 | ənḍəβăd | iḍgam, ndi-wass | yesterday |
| 42 | ăsw | su | to drink |
| 43 | săṭṭăf "to be black" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested) | isgin, isṭif, mmuccu, ḍlu | black |
| 44 | tamet | abuḍ | navel |
| 45 | ăβdəd "to be standing", ăkkər "to stand up" | bdd, nkr | to stand |
| 46 | ămbər | bbi | to bite |
| 47 | akorm, təkurmēn (cf. 23 neck) | tiɣʷraḍ, akrum, tikʷrmin, tadawt | back |
| 48 | aḍo "wind, odour" | aḍu | wind |
| 49 | ōβo | aggu | smoke |
| 50 | ke, me | mi(t) | what? |
| 51 | ara, tarwa | arraw, tarwa | child (kin term) |
| 52 | tasadəlt | taglayt | egg |
| 53 | ăkf | fk, kf | to give |
| 54 | (not attested) | ljdid (<ar.) | new |
| 55 | ărɣ | kmḍ, jdr | to burn (intr.) |
| 56 | wăl, ak | ur | not |
| 57 | samēḥ < Arabic | ɛdl (<ar.), ẓil | good |
| 58 | ăssən | isan, isin, ssn | to know |
| 59 | ōfəd | afud | knee |
| 60 | tamallilt | amlal, igidu | sand |
| 61 | ăḍs | ḍṣṣa | to laugh |
| 62 | ăsl | slla | to hear |
| 63 | tammurt "earth, soil" | akal | soil |
| 64 | təfra "leaf of tree" | afraw | leaf |
| 65 | azŭggaɣ "red one" (prob. /azəggʷaɣ/) | azggʷaɣ | red |
| 66 | tōsa | tasa | liver |
| 67 | əkənn | rgs, ḥḍu | to hide |
| 68 | ēlăm "animal skin" | ilm | skin/hide |
| 69 | ăzməm | ssumm | to suck |
| 70 | ăbb "to carry, bring", ăckəl "to carry, lift" | asi | to carry |
| 71 | takəṭfet | tuḍfit, tawṭṭuft | ant |
| 72 | ăẓẓāk "to be heavy" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested) | iẓḍuy, iẓiy | heavy |
| 73 | āβăʕ "to take", ōməẓ "to seize, hold" | awi, amẓ | to take |
| 74 | imqōr, iwsər "to be old, elderly (human)" | imɣur, iwsir | old |
| 75 | ăcc | cc | to eat |
| 76 | taɣma | taɣʷma | thigh |
| 77 | izwər "to be thick" | zur, ḍnu | thick |
| 78 | əzzəjrət "to be long" | iɣzif | long |
| 79 | sβəḍ | suḍ | to blow |
| 80 | asɣēr "(piece of) wood" | akccuḍ, asɣar | wood |
| 81 | ăzzəl | azzl | to run |
| 82 | ōḍu | ḍṛ | to fall |
| 83 | awăll | tiṭṭ, iwalln (pl.) | eye |
| 84 | ēcəd | iɣd | ash |
| 85 | tabaḥṣuṣṣ < Arabic? | timɣilt, abanna | tail |
| 86 | ēde | aydi | dog |
| 87 | ăẓẓəf | alla | to cry/weep |
| 88 | ăqqēn | krs, qqn | to tie |
| 89 | ălləm | ẓṛ, anni | to see |
| 90 | (not attested) | aḍfut, imim | sweet |
| 91 | tazara | izikr, asɣun | rope |
| 92 | tēle | asklu, amalu | shade/shadow |
| 93 | ajaḍiḍ | agḍiḍ | bird |
| 94 | tēsənt | tisnt | salt |
| 95 | imtēt "to be small" | imẓiy | small |
| 96 | (not attested) | usɛu (<ar.) | wide |
| 97 | iri | itri | star |
| 98 | dəj, -i | ɣ | in |
| 99 | (not attested) | ɣar | hard |
| 100 | ăẓəd "to grind", ăddəβ "to crush (in a mortar)" | ẓḍ, nɣd | to grind/crush |
Tabiblyugraft
ssnfl
- Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1903). "Note sur la mission dans le Souf pour y étudier le dialecte berbère de R'adamès". Journal Asiatique. 1903, II: 157–162.
- Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1904). Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès. Paris: Leroux.
- Kossmann, M. (2013). A Grammatical Sketch of Ghadames Berber (Libya). Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-940-4.
- Lanfry, J. (1968). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. I, Textes, notes philologiques et ethnographiques. Fort-National: Fichier de documentation berbère. (Archived link)
- Lanfry, J. (1973). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. II, Glossaire (parler des Ayt Waziten). [Fort-National]: Le fichier périodique.
Isaɣuln
ssnfl- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ghadames". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ghad1239.
- ↑ Lanfry (1973:iv).
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv).
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Amnni ad iga amud izdin d Tutlayin, isul imẓẓiy. Aws i Wikipidya s usnfl nns, tssimɣurt t. |