Tutlayt Tamaziɣt Tamzwarut
Tutlayt tamaziɣt taqqburt nɣ tamaziɣt tamzwarut (s tanglizt: Proto-Berber, Proto-Libyan) tga yat tutlayt tazaykut, nttat a zɣ d ffɣnt tutlayin timaziɣin lli iddrn ass ad. Tkka tt inn tga yat tutlayt tafrusyawit, ayann a f gant tutlayin timaziɣin lli d zgis ffɣnin istis n ɛmmis n tutlayt tamiṣrit d tutlayin tikuciyin d tutlayin tisamiyin d tutlayin titcadiyin d tutlayin tumuṭiyin.[1]
Sous-classe de | Tutlayt tamaziɣt |
---|---|
Statut UNESCO d'une langue | 6 éteinte |
Amzruy
ssnflTṭṭaf tutlayt Tamaziɣt Tamzwarut kra n tɣawsiwin nna ur illin ɣ tutlayin tifrusyawiyin yaḍnin, macc tutlayin timaziɣin n ɣil ad mmrwasnt bahra ɣ ingratsn. Tbayn d tutlayt tamaziɣt tamzwarut ɣar 3000 isggʷasn aya mqqar tbḍa f Tutlayin tifrusyawiyint gr 9000 d 10,000 n isggʷasn aya. Iɣ d-nucka ad nẓṛ mad tettini tussna n usmzazal n tutlayin d umzruy[2], rad imassann nnan mas tzri tutlayt ad f sin tikliwin n tmhazt, ad tn igan[3]:
- Tamaziɣt tamzwarut 1 (PB1) nna yumann kra n 7000 n isggʷasn aya.
- Tamaziɣt tamzwarut 2 (PB2) tad tga illis n (PB1), d nttat a ɣ d uckant akkʷ tutlayin timaziɣin lli sul illan ɣil-ad.
Ɣ tasut tis 30 dat n tlalit n Ɛisa, bḍan middn lli sawalnin s tmaziɣt tamzwarut ɣ tfriqt n ugafa gr Lmɣrib d Miṣra. Ɣ tasut tis 10 dat ad iggz Ɛisa, ijṛa yan ttawassuɛ yaḍn nttan ad aɣ iskrn ma mi nttini ɣila igdudn imaziɣn lli nn izmmimn ɣ dar irumiyn. Ijra ttawassuɛ iggʷran ɣ yifḍ d kra ḍart Ɛisa, lliɣ nnucgn imuzaɣ nɣ itwargiyn lli yumẓn ɣila tanzruft imqqurn n tfriqt lli mi nttini Ṣṣaḥra.[4]
Allas n tuṣka
ssnflAllas n tuṣka n iẓmuẓẓal iqqburn n tmaziɣt ibidd f usmzazal d tutlayin tifrsyawanin yaḍnin ɣ mnnaw iẓmuẓẓal, ibdd daɣ f usmzazal gr timzarayin n tutlayin timaziɣin titrarin[5] nɣ d tmacaɣt nna igan, ɣ tannayt n kra n imrzutn zun d Prasse[6], tamzarayt lli bahra yaryn timẓlay n tmaziɣt tamzwarut.
Tasnmslit
ssnflƔ wallas n tuṣka n Kaṛl G. Pras d Martn Kuṣman, tamaziɣt tamzwarut kkan tt inn dars kraḍ iɣritn gzzulnin /ă/, /ĭ/, /ŭ/ d kkuẓ ɣzzifnin /ā/, /ī/, /ū/ d /ē/. Tugdutin nnsn ɣ tmaziɣt tatrart:
*Tamaziɣ
Tamzwarut |
Taẓnagt | Tamacaɣt / | Tamaziɣt n |
---|---|---|---|
*ă | ă | ă | ə |
*ĭ | ĭ | ə | ə |
*ŭ | ŭ | ə | ə |
*ā | ă | a | a |
*ē | ĭ | e | i |
*ī | ĭ | i | i |
*ū | ŭ | u | u |
Tṭṭaf Tɣdimst d Tmacɣt yan uɣri yaḍnin /o/ nna irwas is iga tazzigzt zɣ /u/ s tmsasit n uɣri ɣ Tmacɣt, tkk d *aʔ ɣ Tɣdimst.
Tirgalin
ssnflDa ittals Kuṣman tuṣka i trgalin n Tmaziɣt Tamzwarut:
Anaw | Ancucan | Uglan/Adluglan | imḍfṛ-udlugl./ | Ulwiɣan | Ilḍṭan | Agranzazan | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arsitan | Ankara | Arsitan | Attwancuc | ||||||||||||
Unzir | m | mː | n̪ | n̪ː | |||||||||||
Aggaɣ | t̪
d̪ |
t̪ː
d̪ː |
d̪ˤ | d̪ːˤ | c?
ɟ? |
cː?
ɟː? |
k
g |
kː
gː |
ɢ | qː | ʔ | ||||
Amryan | f
β |
fː | s̪
z̪ |
s̪ː
z̪ː |
z̪ˤ | z̪ːˤ | |||||||||
Aznaɣri | j | dʒ: | w | gːʷ | |||||||||||
Imidis | l̪ | l̪ː | |||||||||||||
Asmamay | r̪ | r̪ː |
Mkda iga lḥal g tmaziɣin titrarin, tugt n trgalin n tmaziɣt tamzwarut ṭṭafnt tugdut tamsasit tussidt, gin imslitn *β d *ʔ islidn waḥdu tn.
Ɣ amant trgalin *ɟ d *g ẓlint g kra n tutlayin tijanatin:
Tamaziɣt
Tamzwarut |
Tam. | Taɣd. | Tarif. | Tacnw. |
---|---|---|---|---|
*ɟ | g | ɟ | ʒ | ʒ |
*g | g | ɟ | y | g |
Ɣmk ann d kra n *c n Tmaziɣt Tamzwarut lli ittggan k ɣ kra n tutlayin ur ginin n Tijanatin, ig š ɣ Tjanat (maca llan mnnawt tugdutin tirluganin).
S umdya, căm "kmm (unti asuf)" ar ittaɣul šəm. (Asnfl ad ar ittjṛu ɣ Tnfust d Tsiwit dɣ nttnti).
ɣ tutlayin Timaziɣin tigmuḍanin:
- dˤ → tˤ
*-əβ ɣ tmaziɣt taqqburt yaɣul d -i ɣ Tjanat (Taznatit)[8]. S umdya, *arəβ "ara" ar ittaɣul ari. (Asnlf ad ar ittjṛu ɣ kra n tmzarayin n waṭlas anammas, slawant akkʷ tantala n Iẓiyyan, ɣ Infusn d Tsiwit.)
Ɣar Taɣdimst d Twilant ka ad yaryn afunim n tmaziɣt tamzwarut *β am β[9]; Ɣ tmaziɣin yaḍnin, ar tettaɣul h nɣ tafuḍ.
Ẓṛ uggar
ssnflTinidlisn
ssnfl- Allati, Abdelaziz (2002). Diachronie tamazighte ou berbere (en francés). Publications de L'Universite Abdelmalek Essaâdi. p. 296. ISBN 9981-61-015-1.
- Blench, R. (2006). Archaeology, language, and the African past. Rowman Altamira. p. 361. ISBN 0-7591-0466-2.
- Boukouss, Ahmed (2009). Phonologie de l'amazigh. Institut Royal de la Culture Amazigh. p. 445. ISBN 9954-28-019-7. Archivado desde el original el 26 de noviembre de 2013.
- Ehret, Christopher (1995). Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary. University of California Press. p. 557. ISBN 0-520-09799-8.
- Heath, Jeffrey (2005). A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). Walter de Gruyter. p. 745. ISBN 3-11-018484-2.
- Heine, Bernd; Derek Nurse (2000). African languages: an introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 396. ISBN 0-521-66629-5.
- Kossmann, Maarten (2001a), «L'origine du vocalisme en zénaga de Mauritanie», en Ibriszimow, Dymitr; Vossen, Rainer, eds., Etudes berbères, pp. 89-95
- Kossmann, Maarten (2001b), «The Origin of the Glottal Stop in Zenaga and its Reflexes in the other Berber Languages», Afrika und Übersee 84: 61-100
- König, Christa (2008). Case in Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 343. ISBN 0-19-923282-2.
- Prasse, Karl G. (1972-1974). Manuel de grammaire touarègue (tăhăggart) 3. Copenhagen.
Izdayn n brra
ssnflIsaɣuln
ssnfl- ↑ Abdl Aziz Alati (2002). Diachronie tamazighte ou berbere (s tfransist). منشورات جامعة عبد المالك السعدي. p. 296. ISBN 9981-61-015-1.
- ↑ Militarev, A. (1984), "Sovremennoe sravnitel'no-istoricheskoe afrazijskoe jazykoznanie: chto ono mozhet dat' istoricheskoj nauke?", Lingvisticheskaja rekonstrukcija i drevnejshaja istorija Vostoka, Moscow, pp. 3–26, 44–5
- ↑ Louali & Philippson 2003, "Les Protoméditerranéens Capsiens sont-ils des protoberbères ? Interrogations de linguiste.", GALF (Groupement des Anthropologues de Langue Française), Mrrakc، 22-25 Cutanbir 2003. ↑
- ↑ Heine 2000, p. 292.
- ↑ Galand, L. 1988, "Le berbère" in Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, III, les langues chamito-sémitiques, ed. by Jean Pierrot & David Cohen, Paris, éditions CNRS, 207–242.
- ↑ Prasse, Karl-G. 1973–74. Manuel de grammaire touarègue (tahaggart). Copenhague: Akademisk forlag.
- ↑ Kossmann, Maarten (2001a), "L'origine du vocalisme en zénaga de Mauritanie", in Ibriszimow, Dymitr; Vossen, Rainer (eds.), Etudes berbères, pp. 89–95
- ↑ See also Maarten Kossmann, "Les verbes à i finale en zénète" Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine", Etudes et Documents Berbères 13, 1995, pp. 99–104.
- ↑ Kossmann 1999:61.
Ɣaylli sis izdin
ssnflAmnni ad iga amud izdin d Tutlayin, isul imẓẓiy. Aws i Wikipidya s usnfl nns, tssimɣurt t. |